Learn About STP in Chemistry

Learn About STP in Chemistry STP in chemistry is the abbreviation for Standard Temperature and Pressure. STP most commonly is used when performing calculations on gases, such as gas density. The standard temperature is 273 K (0 ° Celsius or 32 ° Fahrenheit) and the standard pressure is 1 atm pressure. This is the freezing point of pure water at sea level atmospheric pressure. At STP, one mole of gas occupies 22.4 L of volume (molar volume). Note the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) applies a more stringent standard of STP as  a temperature of 273.15 K (0  °C, 32  °F) and an absolute pressure of exactly 100,000 Pa (1 bar, 14.5 psi, 0.98692 atm). This is a change from their earlier standard (changed in 1982) of  0  °C and 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Key Takeaways: STP or Standard Temperature and Pressure STP is the abbreviation for Standard Temperature and Pressure. However, the standard is defined differently by various groups.STP values are most often cited for gases because their characteristics change dramatically with temperature and pressure.One common definition of STP is a temperature of 273 K  (0 ° Celsius or 32 ° Fahrenheit) and the standard pressure of 1 atm. Under these conditions, one mole of a gas occupies 22.4 L.Because the standard varies by industry, its good practice to state temperature and pressure conditions for measurements and not just say STP. Uses of STP Standard reference conditions are important for expressions of fluid flow rate and the volumes of liquids and gases, which are highly dependent on temperature and pressure. STP commonly is used when standard state conditions are applied to calculations. Standard state conditions, which include standard temperature and pressure, may be recognized in calculations by the superscript circle. For example, ΔS ° refers to the change in entropy at STP. Other Forms of STP Because laboratory conditions rarely involve STP, a common standard is standard ambient temperature and pressure or SATP, which is  a temperature of 298.15 K (25  °C, 77  °F) and an absolute pressure of exactly 1 atm (101,325 Pa, 1.01325 bar). The International Standard Atmosphere or ISA and the U.S. Standard Atmosphere are standards used in the fields of fluid dynamics and aeronautics to specify temperature, pressure, density, and the speed of sound for a range of altitudes at the mid-latitudes. The two sets of standards are the same at altitudes up to 65,000 feet above sea level. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)  uses a temperature of 20  °C (293.15 K, 68  °F) and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi, 1 atm) for STP. The Russian  State Standard GOST 2939-63 uses the standard conditions of 20  °C (293.15 K), 760 mmHg (101325 N/m2) and zero humidity.  The International Standard Metric Conditions for natural gas are 288.15 K (15.00  °C; 59.00  °F) and 101.325 kPa. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) both set their own standards, too. Correct Use of the Term STP Even though STP is defined, you can see the precise definition depends on the committee that set the standard! Therefore, rather than citing a measurement as performed at STP or standard conditions, its always best to explicitly state the temperature and pressure reference conditions. This avoids confusion. In addition, it is important to state the temperature and pressure for the molar volume of a gas, rather than citing STP as the conditions. When calculated molar volume, one should state whether the calculation used the ideal gas constant R or the specific gas constant Rs. The two constants are related where Rs R / m, where m is the molecular mass of a gas. Although STP is most commonly applied to gases, many scientists try to perform experiments at STP to SATP to make it easier to replicate them without introducing variables. Its good lab practice to always state the temperature and pressure or to at least record them in case they turn out to be important. Sources Doiron, Ted (2007). 20  °C – A Short History of the Standard Reference Temperature for Industrial Dimensional Measurements. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.McNaught, A. D.; Wilkinson, A. (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology, The Gold Book (2nd ed.). Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-684-8.Natural gas – Standard reference conditions (ISO 13443). Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. 1996.Weast, Robert C. (Editor) (1975). Handbook of Physics and Chemistry (56th ed.). CRC Press. pp. F201–F206. ISBN 0-87819-455-X.

The Basis of a Moral Judgement

The Basis of a Moral Judgement The debate on the subject of moral judgement is continuous and cannot be easily resolved since there is no absolute standard of what is really moral and on what grounds people make moral judgements. The basis used to create a standard of morality differs with different individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Basis of a Moral Judgement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some people appeal to pragmatism of the solutions presented at a given moment as the basis of judgement while others appeal to religion as their sole instruction for morality. This essay takes a critical look at the views of David Hume and Immanuel Kant regarding the concept of moral judgement. First, we examine Kant’s moral philosophy. His basic idea is human autonomy (Fieser 284). One of the tasks of moral philosophy is to discover the binding principles of behaviour among humans. Kant argues that studying human anthropology only gives an idea of how people behave and fails to give the ideal behaviour that is expected (Fieser 284). Even with this shortcoming, people still make moral judgements. Fieser observes that Kant’s argument in a case such as â€Å"we ought to tell the truth† (285) is essentially similar to the scientific view that all changes ought to have a cause. The statement â€Å"we ought to tell the truth† is equated to a scientific view as it is based on reason and not an individual’s experience. Reason introduces an aspect of causality to noticeable objects thus explaining the change. It further institutes a facet of duty to a moral situation. Therefore, this duty breeds notions of ‘ought to’ and ‘ought not to’ in moral situations. Kant holds the view that concepts transcend facts experienced at any given moment. Therefore, obligations must not be based on the special properties of human nature or upon the consequences, but on the concept of reas on. Kant’s view on the subject of morality is based on awareness of regulation of behaviour that is universal and necessary (Fieser 286). Universality and necessity, according to Kant’s arguments, are the fundamentals of judgement. Kant focuses on ‘goodness’ as a quality affecting actions and not as a rational aspect of behaviour. Kants moral philosophy centres on autonomy. He proposes one elementary principle of morality from which all individual moral duties emanate (the moral law). Kant argues that people give themselves moral laws as well as the general laws of nature. According to Kant, human beings ought to act according to principles that they wish should become universal laws (Fieser 289).Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kant’s moral philosophy is not complete without looking at his idea of the categorical imperatives (Bowen 37). Th e categorical imperative considers the universality of moral law. It dispenses liberty and autonomy to a person’s will thereby affirming the absolute worth of each rational person (Fieser 289). According to Kant, people are moral and rational equals hence they ought to act according to the maxims that they wish to become universal laws. Due to rationality, humans create the same set of laws all over the world (Birsch 56). Kant gives a connotation that people are the end in themselves and not the means to an end (Birsch 56). The statement â€Å"act in such a way that you treat humanity whether in your person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as the means† (57) is a clear indication of his stand on morality. By virtue of being rational, people can use other people to accomplish tasks for them as a way to accomplish an end, but never merely as the means to that end (Birsch 57). According to Kant, this is acting morally. David Hume’s approach to morality is scientific as he likes to call it. He asserts that morality is a topic that interests all humans (Fieser 251). Hume argues that moral judgement is equally a result of feeling as it is of reason. He claims that moral assessments are emotional responses. According to Hume, reason in forming moral judgements is limited as it emphasizes ‘matters of facts’ and ‘relations of ideas.’ Matters of facts and relations of ideas are judgements of truths or falsehood of things based on a person’s emotionality (Fieser 251). According to Hume’s moral philosophy, when someone commits murder there is an underlying fact behind the crime. A vivid recollection of all that happens at the time of committing the crime does not clearly show which part of the event constitutes the crime. It is not clear whether a crime has been committed because the incident is considered either as manslaughter or as an act of self-defense dependin g on the facts collected. Two important aspects to consider in such a scenario are the act itself and the motive behind the act. Therefore, moral judgement is merely a formation of the mind and is susceptible to sentiments (Fieser 251). Hume’s moral assessment of individual actions takes into consideration the sympathetic attitudes of pain and pleasure experienced on observation of someone else’s actions. Hume contends that moral sentiments are universal and that all humans possess them. He further adds that people praise or blame a similar action and that the praise or blame is not a consequence of narrow self-love.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Basis of a Moral Judgement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He says that the sympathetic feelings are not restricted to specific events, but are instinctive (Fieser 252). The virtues that trigger universal quality of moral approval include industry, prud ence and caution. He insists that there are universal arguments and that even the most cynical people agree that these virtues are universal. These qualities are useful and agreeable not only to the person in possession of them, but also to the entire community (Fieser 252). Immanuel Kant and David Hume try to give a basis on which moral judgement is formed. According to Kant, humans install a reliable guide to moral truths within themselves. Nevertheless, they do not always adhere to this guide. Hume, on the other hand, views the notion of moral truth as problematic and that it is based on feelings. Both philosophers overestimate the human ability to develop universally moral laws (Birsch 56; Fieser 253). According to Kant, rational beings ought to arrive at logical conclusions that are acceptable to all. In Hume’s view, even the most cynical humans agree on certain virtues. Humans cannot be trusted to be infallible since it is indisputable that human is to err. Therefore, n either philosopher is committed to the idea that humans judge infallibly. Both philosophers dedicate their focus to the subject of discovering what exactly makes the law. For instance, using Hume’s morality in the case of a murder and what constitutes a crime in that case, there are many descriptions of the event. However, it is uncertain what happens if the crime is committed in self-defense. Although human faculties of emotions are unstable and very subjective, there is no moral justification for killing regardless of the explanations given (Fieser 253). The same idea of the lack of an absolute moral standard is consistent with both philosophers’ reasoning. According to Kant, there are other factors built in human desires and other human tendencies that specific duties demand from them at varying times. A rational being at times acts out of inclination or self interest. Fieser gives an illustration of somebody who wishes to be popular (Fieser 287). This person must a ct in obedience to certain rules that earn him the approval he desires. However, the individual’s popularity is not necessary. Therefore, there is no absolute standard that determines whether an individual’s willpower at any given point is in line with the law. Nothing can pass for being unreservedly good without a form of qualification. Even the moderation of passion is not usually considered a good thing. Kant argues that it is the humans’ rational willpower that aids in the creation of a universal law. This is the law that is good and inbuilt in humans who do not always live up to the law’s goodness (Fieser 287).Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are notable differences between the two philosophers’ views. Hume’s arguments consider the role of emotion alongside reason while Kant’s postulations leave out the role of emotion in moral judgement. David Hume considers the reality that the human will is not only determined by reason, but is also influenced by other factors such as emotions (Fieser 252). Kant’s rationality and consistency principles give no room for the subjectivism of emotionality. Therefore, it can be concluded that morality is a subjective topic and that David Hume and Immanuel Kant have different ideas on this concept. Birsch, Douglas. Philosophical Issues: A Brief Introduction, New York: McGraw-Hill companies, 2003. Print. Bowen, L. Jonathan. The Categorical Imperative of a Confucian Evil Demon in America, Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2005. Print. Fieser, Stumpf. Socrates to Sartre and Beyond: A History of Philosophy, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008. Print.

No need for topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

No need for topic - Essay Example BestBuy Company Incorporation is a multinational retailer that deals with selling of computer electronics, mobile phone products and various other appliances. Other than the retail stores, the company is also involved in the operations related to call-center and online retail transactions. In order to maintain the smooth flow of the organizational operations, requirement for strategic management frames is observed to be a vital part for BestBuy. Few examples can be cited from BestBuy, where application of strategic management has been depicted. Considering the fiscal year 2001, BestBuy Company has acquired the Magnolia Hi Fi Inc., which is a retailer of audio along with video products. In this aspect this strategic decision was undertaken in order to access upscale consumer segment. This is an example of strategic change within the domestic environment of the company (BestBuy, â€Å"About Best Buy†). In accordance with the strategic change during the fiscal year 2002, BestBuy acquired Future Shop Ltd for better prospect. Future Shop is considered as Canada’s largest retailer and has been acquired with an objective to retain the company’s brand equity and also increase its consumers’ base. Another example can be cited from the field of its operation that reflects about the initiative taken by BestBuy Company as an approach to strategic management. The US based BestBuy stores have provided the customers’ with the facilities of differentiated product categories such as computing and mobile phones, entertainment, services, consumer electronics and appliances among others. (BestBuy, â€Å"About BestBuy†). The mission statement of the BestBuy Company is identified as â€Å"Our formula is simple: we’re a growth company focused on better solving the unmet needs of our customers—and we rely on our employees to solve those puzzles.

Multinational running and competitive situation study of Accor SA 188 Essay

Multinational running and competitive situation study of Accor SA 188 - Essay Example hotel operation and franchising where the company aims at offering Accor experience to consumers and enhance the overall impact of the hotel’s brands. On the other hand, Hotel Invest is focussed on hotel renovation and development. Hotel Invest not only comprises owned property of the company but also leased and franchised hotels for development (Accor, 2014a). From the perspective of this paper, Accor was considered appropriate due to its ubiquitous existence in global hotel industry. The paper is mainly related to management of business in multinational companies and study of their competitive situation. Presently, the hospitality industry, especially the hotel industry is experiencing strong growth and it was ascertained that a company with global presence will justify the purpose of this paper. Another reason behind selection of Accor SA is to access the role of the international hotel brand in social responsibility and corporate citizenship. The hotel chain is unique in its offerings and is present in all the prominent continents across the world. Accor has a vast brand portfolio that comprises luxurious upscale, midscale and economy service offerings. The brands in this regard are- luxury brands: Sofitel, Pullman and MGallery, midscale brands: Novotel, Suite Novotel and Mercure and economy brands: ibis and Formula 1 (Accor, 2014b). The brands together target almost all consumers ranging from international to domestic, middle income group to elite class, tourists to businessmen and so on and so forth. The diversified offerings of the company further make it one of the leaders in the hotel industry from consumers’ view point. The majority of the hotels of Accor are present in Europe and Asia pacific, comprising about 85% of total number of hotels and resorts. It was observed that the company is involved with 194 projects in 40 countries since 2008. Presently the company has more than 3600 hotels all over the world (approximately 92 countries) and it

Sports Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sports Tourism - Essay Example Sport tourism can be classified in to three main categories. The first category is nostalgia sport tourism. In this category, people visit museums and halls of fame to view documented articles, trophies, and monuments of great sporting achievements. The second category is active sport tourism. This category includes activity holidays and active events. The third category is event sport tourism. This includes the active and passive participation in sporting events (Gibson, 1998). Gibson (1998, p. 49) further conceptualizes sport tourism to be in three distinct areas: traveling to take part in a sporting event; traveling to watch a sport; or travelling to celebrate, worship, or venerate a sport. More recent definitions of sport tourism suggest that it is more than a two -dimensional synergetic phenomenon. In a more intricate definition, sport tourism is a social, economic and cultural phenomenon that arises from the unique interaction of activity, people, and place (Weed and Bull, 2004 , p. 37). Weymouth and Portland as Sport Tourism Destinations Weymouth and Portland are located on the south coast of England. This area provides some of the best sailing waters in the UK. In addition, the area has facilities on land to complement the sailing activities that take place. Before the 2012 Olympic Games, the area already had world class facilities, but some enhancements were necessary to ensure that the facilities were suitable enough to host the sailing competition during the main Olympics and the Paralympics (London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, 2012). Considering that sailing is both a competitive and leisure sporting event, there were several types of sport tourists expected to be in the area during the Olympic period. Gibson conceptualizes sport tourism to be in three distinct areas: travelling to take part; travelling to watch; or travelling to celebrate, worship or venerate a sport. From his conceptualization, the types of tourists that can and were attracte d to visit Weymouth and Portland during the Olympics can be derived. The first type of tourists that were attracted in the area are the participants (Gibson, 1998, p. 49). The Olympics bring together athletes and sportsmen from all over the world. Therefore, any sportsman that participated in the sailing competition in both the main Olympics and the Paralympics were tourists. Though their main agenda was to participate in the competition, the fact that they were foreigners makes them tourists by default. Also, the sailing competition was not taking place every single day during the games. The athletes, therefore, had some time to spare in between the races. During this spare time, they toured the area to get to explore its aesthetics and to appreciate the advancements that had been made in the area specifically for the sport. The second area of sport tourism is travelling to watch the sport (Gibson, 1998, p. 49). This was undoubtedly the area that produced the largest number of spor t tourists. People from around the world had travelled to London to specifically watch the games that were taking place there. Most of the tourists in Weymouth and Portland during this period had come as spectators to the sailing competition. Considering that they were not entirely caught up in watching the games either, they had some spare time. During this time, they either went to tour the area or participated in the sailing sport for leisure. This is in line with Gibson’s second category of sport tourism which includes activity holidays. Therefore, the agenda for this type of tourist was twofold. Primarily, their agenda was to

Ethical Guidance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Guidance - Essay Example Interpretations 'f the rules and rulings issued by the AICPA to answer specific questions regarding members' ethical conduct supplement the principles and rules and, in combination, provide guidance to auditors making decisions about ethical dilemmas. The model 'f the decision-making process implied by the combination 'f these Code elements is conservative, however, and may not fully capture all the actual influences on auditors' decisions. This study proposes and tests an alternative model in comparison with the AICPA Code-implied model. (Jeffrey 2004, 553-579) When faced with an ethical dilemma, an auditor must gather and analyze data from many sources. It is likely that auditors gather and analyze these data in many different ways. One benefit 'f a model 'f auditors' ethical decision making is that the model elements can be identified and tested to better understand how and why the decisions are made. In this section the decision model implied by the AICPA Code is delineated and compared with other existing models. (Martin 2007, 5-14) Numerous professional accounting, financial, and auditing organizations have separately adopted codes 'f ethics. Most practicing internal, public, and governmental auditors are associated with one or more 'f these organizations and have voluntarily submitted to the respective codes 'f conduct which restrict activities beyond the legal statutes binding the general citizenry. Comparisons 'f these codes indicate that there are significant common components across many 'f them, but also that omissions and potential conflicts exist Unlike most other codes, the AICPA Code provides specific guidance in using both rules and principles to conservatively resolve conflicts. The chairman 'f the committee drafting the restructured Code described the application 'f principles in the following manner: 'guided by the basic principles in the Standards of Professional Conduct, members must exercise professional and moral judgments in all their activities. Within the added principles section 'f the AICPA Code, members are called 10 an "unswerving commitment to honourable behaviour, even at the sacrifice 'f personal advantage" (AICPA 1988). This description 'f the AICPA Code implies an exceptionally conservative decision model. According to the Code-implied model, an accountant or auditor must be aware 'f the principles, rules, interpretations, and rulings promulgated by the AICPA. When facing an ethical dilemma, an auditor compares the dilemma situation with these elements 'f the Code and makes a decision to avoid any possible violation. To follow this decision model without exception would lead to increasingly conservative decisions in which the gray area calling for auditor judgment is reduced. That is, when an ethical dilemma situation is addressed within the Code each new level 'f guidance adds restrictions which require auditors to follow promulgated rules and principles without deviation. This model is illustrated in figure 1 and discussed below. At the legal level, CPAs are constrained from complete decision-making freedom. For example, a CPA

Warehousing and Inventory Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Warehousing and Inventory Management - Essay Example Proper inventory management helps increase operational efficiency across businesses, improve customer service, and reduce inventory & distribution costs. The inventory management system and inventory control process provide information to manage the flow of materials efficiently, utilize people and equipment effectively, co-ordinate internal activities, and communicate with customers. Inventory management does not make decisions or manage operations; they provide information to managers who make more accurate and timely decisions to manage their operations. Inventory management must be designed to meet the dictates of the market place and support the company’s strategic plan. The inventory management approach should be updated according to the changes in market demand, new opportunities due to world wide marketing, global sourcing of materials, and new manufacturing technologies. According to Smith (1998 ), the primary finite resource of a warehouse is space. The planning of this key physical factor is very important for the operating efficiency of the warehouse. To meet the objectives of warehouse, proper planning of warehouse space and layout requirements is imperative. The most important functions of a warehouse occur on the receiving and shipping docks where the control of merchandise is transferred, whether products are brought into the warehouse or taken from it. An important prerequisite of efficient, safe and accurate receiving and shipping activities is enough space in which to perform them. Let us review the following critical factors for determining warehouse space and layout planning: i) Staging Area: - The majority of warehouses require a staging area directly behind the dock maneuvering aisle. The staging area for receiving acts as an immediate depository for materials unloaded from the carrier. This area serves as an accumulation point for the merchandise that